different between cross vs passing

English

Alternative forms

• Cross (sometimes for the historical cross of Christ)

Etymology

From Middle English cross, cros, from Old English cros (“rood, cross”), from Old Norse kross (“cross”), perhaps from Old Irish cros (compare Welsh croes, Irish crois), from Latin crux (cruci). Cognate with Icelandic kross (“cross”), Faroese krossur (“cross”), Danish kors (“cross”), Swedish kors (“cross”). Displaced native Middle English rood (“rood, cross”), from Old English r?d (“cross, rood, crucifix, pole”); see rood.The sense of "two intersecting lines drawn or cut on a surface; two lines intersecting at right angles" without regard to religious signification develops from the late 14th century.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /k??s/, (especially formerly) /k???s/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /k??s/
• (cot–caught merger, Canada) IPA^(key): /k??s/
• Rhymes: -?s, -??s

Noun

cross (plural crosses)

1. A geometrical figure consisting of two straight lines or bars intersecting each other such that at least one of them is bisected by the other.

2. (heraldry) Any geometric figure having this or a similar shape, such as a cross of Lorraine or a Maltese cross.
3. A wooden post with a perpendicular beam attached and used (especially in the Roman Empire) to execute criminals (by crucifixion).

4. (usually with the) The cross on which Christ was crucified.
5. (Christianity) A hand gesture made in imitation of the shape of the Cross.
6. (Christianity) A modified representation of the crucifixion stake, worn as jewellery or displayed as a symbol of religious devotion.

7. (figurative, from Christ's bearing of the cross) A difficult situation that must be endured.
   • 1641, Ben Jonson, Timber

     Heaven prepares good men with crosses.

8. The act of going across; the act of passing from one side to the other

9. (biology) An animal or plant produced by crossbreeding or cross-fertilization.
10. (by extension) A hybrid of any kind.
    • 1856, Lord Dufferin, Letters from High Latitudes

      Toning down the ancient Viking into a sort of a cross between Paul Jones and Jeremy Diddler

11. (boxing) A hook thrown over the opponent's punch.
12. (soccer) A pass in which the ball travels from by one touchline across the pitch.
13. A place where roads intersect and lead off in four directions; a crossroad (common in UK and Irish place names such as Gerrards Cross).
14. A monument that marks such a place. (Also common in UK or Irish place names such as Charing Cross)
15. (obsolete) A coin stamped with the figure of a cross, or that side of such a piece on which the cross is stamped; hence, money in general.
16. (obsolete, Ireland) Church lands.

    (Can we find and add a quotation of Sir J. Davies to this entry?)

17. A line drawn across or through another line.
18. (surveying) An instrument for laying of offsets perpendicular to the main course.
19. A pipe-fitting with four branches whose axes usually form a right angle.
20. (Rubik's Cube) Four edge cubies of one side that are in their right places, forming the shape of a cross.
21. (cartomancy) The thirty-sixth Lenormand card.
22. (slang) crossfire.

Synonyms

• (production of cross-breeding or -fertilization): hybrid
• (cross on which Christ was crucified): True Cross

Derived terms

Descendants

• ? Japanese: ??? (kurosu)

Related terms

Translations

Adjective

cross (comparative crosser, superlative crossest)

1. Transverse; lying across the main direction.

   At the end of each row were cross benches which linked the rows.

   • the cross refraction of the second prism

2. (archaic) Opposite, opposed to.

   His actions were perversely cross to his own happiness.

3. (now rare) Opposing, adverse; being contrary to what one would hope or wish for.
   • , New York Review of Books, 2001, p.50:

     As a fat body is more subject to diseases, so are rich men to absurdities and fooleries, to many casualties and cross inconveniences.

   • c. 1650, Jeremy Taylor, Of Contentedness

     a cross fortune

   • 1665, Joseph Glanvill, Scepsis Scientifica

     the cross and unlucky issue of my designs

   • 1694, Robert South, Christianity Mysterious, and the Wisdom of God in Making it So (sermon preached at Westminster Abbey on April 29, 1694)

     The article of the resurrection seems to lie marvellously cross to the common experience of mankind.
4. Bad-tempered, angry, annoyed.

   She was rather cross about missing her train on the first day of the job.

   Please don't get cross at me. (or) Please don't get cross with me.

   • 1650/1651, Jeremy Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living

     He had received a cross answer from his mistress.

5. Made in an opposite direction, or an inverse relation; mutually inverse; interchanged.

   cross interrogatories

   cross marriages, as when a brother and sister marry persons standing in the same relation to each other

Synonyms

• (opposite to): contrarily, opposed, reverse, antipodal
• (mildly angry): angry, annoyed, irritated

Derived terms

Translations

Preposition

cross

1. (archaic) across
2. cross product of the previous vector and the following vector.

Related terms

• dot
• × (the multiplication sign)

Translations

Verb

cross (third-person singular simple present crosses, present participle crossing, simple past and past participle crossed)

1. To make or form a cross.
   1. To place across or athwart; to cause to intersect.

   2. To lay or draw something across, such as a line.

   3. To mark with an X.

   4. To write lines of text at right angles to and over the top of one another in order to save paper.^W

      • An indulgent playmate, Grannie would lay aside the long scratchy-looking letter she was writing (heavily crossed ‘to save notepaper’) and enter into the delightful pastime of ‘a chicken from Mr Whiteley's’.

   5. (reflexive, to cross oneself) To make the sign of the cross over oneself.
   6. (transitive) To make the sign of the cross over (something or someone).
2. To move relatively.
   1. (transitive) To go from one side of (something) to the other.
   2. (intransitive) To travel in a direction or path that will intersect with that of another.

   3. (transitive) To pass, as objects going in an opposite direction at the same time.
      • November 4, 1866, James David Forbes, letter to E. C. Batten Esq.

        Your kind letter crossed mine.

   4. (sports) Relative movement by a player or of players.
      1. (cricket, reciprocally) Of both batsmen, to pass each other when running between the wickets in order to score runs.
      2. (soccer) To pass the ball from one side of the pitch to the other side.

      3. (rugby) To score a try.
3. (social) To oppose.
   1. (transitive) To contradict (another) or frustrate the plans of.

   2. (transitive, obsolete) To interfere and cut off ; to debar.
   3. (law) To conduct a cross examination; to question a hostile witness.
4. (biology) To cross-fertilize or crossbreed.

5. (transitive) To stamp or mark (a cheque) in such a way as to prevent it being cashed, thus requiring it to be deposited into a bank account.
   • 1924, Commerce Reports (volume 1, issue 13, page 849)

     The English practice of crossing checks so that payment may be made to the bank account or to order is prevalent.

Synonyms

• (to cross-fertilize or crossbreed): cross-fertilize, crossbreed

Hyponyms

• crisscross

Derived terms

• becross
• crossing
• crossover
• crossword

Related terms

Translations

French

Etymology

From English.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /k??s/

Noun

cross m (uncountable)

1. (sports) cross-country

Further reading

• “cross” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Italian

Etymology

From English.

Noun

cross m (invariable)

1. motocross
2. cross (boxing punch, tennis shot)
3. slice (golf shot)

Derived terms

• crossista

Middle English

Alternative forms

• cros, croz, crosse, crosce

Etymology

From Old English cros, borrowed from Old Norse kross, borrowed from Old Irish cros, borrowed from Latin crux.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kr?s/

Noun

cross (plural crosses)

1. the Holy Cross; Christ's cross.
2. A representation of the cross of Christ; the cross as a Christian symbol, including:
   1. The sign of the cross.
   2. A crucifix or crosier.
   3. (figuratively) The cross in Christian metaphors, such as:
      1. crucifixion
      2. suffering, penury
      3. (biblical) Christianity
3. The cross as a symbol elsewhere, for example:
   1. The intersection of drawn lines, especially as a signature.
   2. (heraldry) A heraldic cross
4. gallows, gibbet

Descendants

• English: cross
  • ? Japanese: ??? (kurosu)
• Scots: cross, cros
• Yola: cress

References

• “cros, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-04-03.

English

Etymology

From pass +? -ing.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?p??s??/

Verb

passing

1. present participle of pass

Descendants

• Japanese: ????? (passhingu)

Adjective

passing (comparative more passing, superlative most passing)

1. That passes away; ephemeral. [from 14th c.]
   • 1814, Lord Byron, Lara, I.15:

     And solace sought he none from priest nor leech, / And soon the same in movement and in speech / As heretofore he fill'd the passing hours […]

   • 2010, Marianne Kirby, The Guardian, 21 Sep 2010:

     It might be possible to dismiss #dittowatch as just another passing internet fancy. After all, hashtags are ephemeral.

2. (now rare, literary) Pre-eminent, excellent, extreme. [from 14th c.]
   • 1835, Washington Irving, The Crayon Miscellany:

     It was by dint of passing strength, / That he moved the massy stone at length.

   • 1847, Robert Holmes, The Case of Ireland Stated:

     That parliament was destined, in one short hour of convulsive strength, in one short hour of passing glory, to humble the pride and alarm the fears of England.

3. Vague, cursory. [from 18th c.]
   • 2011, Stewart J Lawrence, The Guardian, 14 Jun 2011:

     Ardent pro-lifer Rick Santorum made one passing reference to "authenticity" as a litmus test for a conservative candidate, but if he was obliquely referring to Romney (and he was), you could be excused for missing the dig.

4. Going past.

Translations

Adverb

passing (not comparable)

1. (literary or archaic) Surpassingly, greatly. [from 14th c.]
   • 2010 October 30, Simon Hattenstone, The Guardian:

     I find it passing strange that convicts understand honest folk, but honest folk don't understand convicts.

Usage notes

• This use is sometimes misconstrued as meaning "vaguely" or "slightly" (perhaps by confusion with such phrases as "passing fancy", under Adjective, above), leading to formations such as "more than passing clever" etc.

Translations

Noun

passing (countable and uncountable, plural passings)

1. Death, dying; the end of something. [from 14th c.]
2. The fact of going past; a movement from one place to another or a change from one state to another. [from 14th c.]
   • 1913, Oliver Onions, The Story of Louie

     And since he did not see Louie by the folding door, Louie knew that in his former passings and repassings he could not have seen her either.

3. (law) The act of approving a bill etc. [from 15th c.]
4. (sports) The act of passing a ball etc. to another player. [from 19th c.]
5. A form of juggling where several people pass props between each other, usually clubs or rings.
6. (sociology) The ability of a person to be regarded as a member of an identity group or category different from their own.

   Coordinate term: pass

   • 1963, Erving Goffman, 'Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity' , Ch.2 at p.57, 58 (page numbers per the Pelican Books 1976 reprint)

     When there is a discrepancy between an individual's actual social identity and his virtual one, it is possible for this fact to be known to us before we normals contact him, or to be quite evident when he presents himself before us. He is a discredited person, and it is mainly he I have been dealing with until now.
     [...] However, when his differentness is not immediately apparent, and is not known beforehand, [...] he is a discreditable, not a discredited person [...]. The issue is [...] that of managing information about his failing. To display or not to display; to tell or not to tell; to let on or not to let on; to lie or not to lie; and in each case, to whom, how, when, and where.
     [...] It is this second general issue, the management of undisclosed discrediting information about self, that I am focusing on in these notes - in brief, 'passing'.

Translations

French

Etymology

From English passing.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /p?.si?/

Noun

passing m (uncountable)

1. (juggling) passing

   Le passing, ou comment jongler à plusieurs. (www.multiloisirs.com)

Further reading

• “passing” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).